Battle at Canossa essays

Battle at Canossa essays At the meeting in Canossa between Henry IV and Gregory VII, it may appear that Gregory had been victorious. He showed his power over the king by excommunicating him and denying him his throne until he gave penance. But, in actuality, Henry was the victor. By saying he was sorry for his sins by the doing of his penance, the pope had no other choice than to accept Henry back to the church and back to his throne. If a sinner comes to the pope and asks for forgiveness, the pope is obligated by his spiritual duties to forgive him. Gregory did not want to accept Henry back on his own will, but rather the will of God and of the people. The popes power over the king was limited. The showdown at Canossa was not the end of the confrontations between Gregory and Henry. Germany and Italy were at battle between each other and Germany had elected their own king, Rudolph of Swabia, the anti-king. Gregory VII had again tried to excommunicate Henry IV, but at this time he had no power over the king for the people had turned against the pope. The bishops had elected another pope, the anti-pope. Cruel and atrocious civil war continued. Henry and Rudolph battled against each other and Rudolph was killed. After the death of Rudolph, Henry went to Rome and conquered it. He also installed an anti-pope who crowned Henry emperor. In return, Gregory called for help to the Normans in northern Italy. They agreed to help and kicked Henry out of Rome. The Normans were angered that Rome surrendered to the popes enemies so they committed several brutal crimes against the Romans. The Romans blamed these acts of brutality on Gregory and consequently he traveled back to northern Ita ly with the Normans to seek refuge. The struggle of lay investiture was still not over. A compromise could not be reached until 1122 AD. This agreement was the Concordat of Worms. Popes were now in charge of investing the bishops with the symbols of spiritual office. The e...

Four Kinds of Morpheme

Four Kinds of Morpheme Four Kinds of Morpheme Four Kinds of Morpheme By Maeve Maddox A useful definition of morphemegood enough for most purposesis â€Å"a minimal and indivisible morphological unit that cannot be analyzed into smaller units.† This broad definition is adequate for most general discussions, but it’s possible to get more specific. Just for fun, here are four different kinds of morpheme. allomorph or morph: any part of a word we want to talk about. A morph can be a whole word, like dog, a meaningful affix, like un- or -ness, or a part that has no meaning, but is separable, like the o in kissogram (a telegram delivered with a kiss, intended to amuse or embarrass the recipient.) portmanteau morph: a single form which consists of two or more morphemes, but which cannot be divided neatly. For example, the verb crashed can be separated into the morphemes crash and -ed, but a word like sang, which consists of the stem sing and a past tense marker (the changed vowel), cannot be so divided. empty morph: a piece of a word that does not contribute to its meaning, but is necessary to make it easily pronounceable. For example, the o in kissogram. (Linguists argue about something called a â€Å"null morpheme,† but as I’m not writing for linguists, I won’t go there.) cranberry morpheme: a morpheme that occurs in only one word, like the cran in cranberry, the twi in twilight, and the -art in braggart. Note on cran-, twi-, and -art: cran- The Cape Cod Cranberry Growers’ Association explains the cran in cranberry this way: The name cranberry derives from the Pilgrim name for the fruit, craneberry, so called because the small, pink blossoms that appear in the spring resemble the head and bill of a Sandhill crane. The OED entry tells us that the word cranberry was unknown to herbalists writing in the 16th and 17th centuries. They knew about cranberries, but they called them other names, such as marsh-whorts and fen-berries. The North American cranberry growers may have adopted the name from German immigrants. Low German has the forms krà ´nbere, krones- or kronsbere, krà ´nsbr, kranebere; all translate as â€Å"crane-berry.† British speakers adopted the word cranberry in the 18th century. twi- This allomorph may also derive from German. Both High German and Low German have words that mean what twilight does. Middle High German has zwischenliecht, â€Å"tweenlight†; Low German has twà ªdustern, twà ªdunkern, literally â€Å"twi-dark.† -art This affix belongs to class of suffixes that turn a verb into a noun doer of the action. The spelling s of words in which –ard conveys the discreditable connotation include drunkard, laggard, and sluggard. Braggart is the only -art survivor in common use. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar 101 category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtWhenever vs. When EverEpidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic

Written Assignment #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Written #2 - Assignment Example Smith did not place a limit to the types of genre of music she played. The genre she used were rock, proto punk, punk rock, art punk and blues rock to compose different songs and relay messages to her targeted audiences. Smith played a number of instruments and this were the vocals, guitars and clarinets. Through her interviews, Smith discussed how her female indemnity affected her career and this is present in her memoir â€Å"Just Kids†. Being a female, she admits to seeing herself as a woman only in context rather than an individual as she was sharing her life with a male partner. She points out she fell when her partner ventured into a new relationship with a different party giving her the need to evaluate herself and accomplishments as a person and not in the shadows of her partner. Smith admits that her freedom came when she decided to become independent as she embraced a positive attitude towards her music career. Moreover, she admits that being a female, she experienced difficulty in convincing other musicians to join her band as the society back then looked down on women (Tarr

Looking at organizational behaviours such as managment objectives, Assignment

Looking at organizational behaviours such as managment objectives, culture, knowledge about how people- as induviduals and as groups- act within organizations - Assignment Example The easiest probable approach is to promote the common interest of the group first thus, to gather altogether the efforts and interest of each unit and channel it towards the achievement of that goal. This is primarily the foundation of the aspect of organizational management, which is to maintain the necessary values inside the organization’s environment for the effectiveness and efficiency of the member’s efforts (Robinson, 2000). To do this, the management must be able to lead its member towards the tasks and responsibilities and be able to relate to the needs of each of its units. It is through this approach that the management is able to transcend the individuality barriers and diversity environment inside the organization for their productivity towards the common goal. (Sims 2002) On a personal reflection as a member of an actual organization management committee, there are several important concepts and terminologies that one must intricately understand to function effectively as an organizational manager. Most of these key concepts include the values that are important for the functions and operations of the organization and the issues that must be thoroughly addressed inside the organization (Robinson 2000). These important concepts are organizational behavior, organizational culture, diversity, communication, business ethics, and change management. First among the list is the task of fostering organizational behavior within the group particularly the necessary values and idealism that each individual member must possess. In this aspect, the management promotes the ideal behavior that is important for the group for it to function effectively towards the common goal (Robinson 2000). Indeed, the management must primarily establish the concepts of professionalism and teamwork within its member to enhance their productivity as a group. In this aspect, the

Legal Compliance Paper Essay Example for Free

Legal Compliance Paper Essay In order for a business to succeed, management needs to identify and comply with the laws and regulations in their area. Management needs to keep in mind that laws vary from state to state. Additionally, as laws are constantly changing, management needs to regularly update their company standards in order to comply with these ever changing laws. In the case of Baderman Island, the company first began its renovations in 1988 (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2012) the lighthouse was purchased in 1932. Since 1988, the company had to modify or change their business procedures in order to comply with laws and regulations. Legal compliance challenges that Baderman Island and other companies may have faced include employment laws, tax laws and regulations, property laws, finance laws and environmental laws. If a company does not comply with the laws and regulations in place, a company risks lawsuits, fines and possible company closure. Therefore it is imperative for a company such as Baderman Island to acknowledge the possible compliance challenges and reduce the liability of those compliances challenges. Legal Compliance Challenges Baderman Island Resort, will be expanding its operations and we believe as a team that some of the legal compliance challenges the organization will encounter are linked to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Opportunity Act (Affirmative Action Act). The organization has to ensure the selection process and promotion process, the designing of the training and implementation of the training for the employees are taken into consideration to mitigate risk (Jackson Mathis, 2008, Chapter 9, Training  Human Resources). In addition to the selection, promotion and design of the training; Baderman Island Resort has to ensure that the 80% Rule is followed and that an environment of disparate impact and treatment is not created to reduce risk (Moran, 2008, Chapter 2, Selection). Baderman has also advised its employees and the public, that they will be hiring and training employees to speak Spanish and French to develop a better relationship with their international clientele (University of Phoenix, 2014). A blog is being used as customer relationship management tool to identify areas of concerns and opportunities. The HR department and executive management team need to review what a bona fide occupational qualification means, in the areas that they are planning to expand and mitigate risk. The organization operates in the hotel and resort industry environment in order to have sustained growth; legal compliance challenges have to be understood, researched and communicated. The legal compliance challenges can have a direct impact on their cash flow, for example, if Baderman Island Resort was found guilty of race discrimination of Title VII Civil Rights Act of 1964, in 2006, the organization would be liable for paying $27,000 (Moran, 2008, Chapter 2, Selection). Discrimination and other non-compliance issues always present a possibility for legal ramifications, therefore management must constantly be aware of different methods to reduce liability. Options to reduce liability With the expansion of operations that Baderman Island Resort will be making, there will be a few different challenges that will take place and options that will help to reduce the liability of the company. Thorough and accurate training is one of Baderman Island’s primary concerns. Knowledgeable and impartial trainers not only help pave the way for new employees and continuous training, but they also represent the company and its values. Proper training perpetuates good employees with a good grasps of key concepts and knowledge. Improper training could lead to mistakes, production loss, liabilities, and possibly injuries. Hiring and training multi-lingual employees that speak Spanish and French is a great idea, to help broaden the company’s customer base. Management would need to ensure that all shifts maintain an appropriate number of multi-lingual employees, dependent upon business and shift requirements. If the resort finds that additional  languages become a majority including addition multi-lingual employees would be recommended for customer satisfaction and fairness. Customer satisfaction is always the ultimate goal of Baderman Island Resort; therefore feedback plays a critical role in implementing beneficial changes. Allowing employees to provide feedback for management review helps employees feel important and valued. Customer feedback provides an opportunity for management to spot possible weaknesses and areas in need of improvement. With three different methods of feedback and review: management, employee feedback and customer feedback management increase the opportunity for positive changes and increased repeat business and increased revenue. How employment practice compliance systems could assist liability reduction By not only creating equal opportunity employment, but creating an environment in which every guest feels as they are special, Baderman Island Resort, desires to achieve harmony within the resort. We at Baderman Island Resort take great pride in our training system. This system of training allows us to ensure every employee is trained on how to treat others, better yet, how to react when situations arise. Our trainers have all been through rigorous standardized training to ensure every employee is equally proficient with our expectations. This training helps ensure compliance with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Training every employee with the same standardized system will help ensure everyone within the workforce is treated equally, regardless of race, sex, color, or national origin. This also includes the hiring process. By providing continuing training, Baderman Island Resort can help ensure hiring practices are also followed. Each of our employees that are fluent in another language receives a bonus due to the additional assistance they can provide our guests. Those who currently employed or in the process of being hired are offered free language classes, which will result in Baderman Island Resort keeping a multi-cultural workforce. These employees will also receive the bonus once they have become fluent in the chosen language. Continuing to educate our employees and hire the most qualified individuals will in a more responsible and caring workforce. A vast portion of Baderman Island’s success and lifespan is a direct result from complying with the laws and regulations in their area. The fact that Baderman Island has expanded since first opening its doors in 1988 and it has plans to continue to expand, reflects the constant attention to the  changing laws and regulations. Baderman Island will continue to be successful if management continues to analyze and reduce compliance challenges. References Jackson, J.H., Mathis, R.L. (2008). Home Resource Management (12th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection. Moran, J.J. (2008). Employment Law. Employment Challenges in the Business Environment (4th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection. University of Phoenix. (2014). Baderman Island Resort [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HRM420 website. Virtual Organizations Portal., Apollo Group, Inc., Baderman Island. (2012). eCampus: Login. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/BadermanIsland/internet/index.asp

Computer Crimes :: essays research papers

Computer Crimes Computer crimes are on the rise 1 in 10 Americans experience some form of a malicious attack on their computer system. If you pay attention to the rest of this speech you will understand how a Hackers mind works and how to defend yourself from them. In this speech I will tell you why and how people break into computers, what sorts of trouble they cause, and what kind of punishment lie ahead for them if caught. Hackers and Crackers break into computer systems for any of a wide variety of reasons. Many groups break into computers for capital gain while still others do it as a means to pass time at work or at school. For most it's a thrill to figure out how to break into a computer. Most people never have any intention of causing harm. I believe that for the vast majority of people it's merely the thrill of the "hunt" at pushes them to such great lengths. Many employees that work in large corporations feel that they don't get paid as much as they should. Therefore if they have high security clearance they are able to capitalize from that by selling the data they have access to on the black-market. Whether it be Ford Motor companies plan for the 1999 F-150 or spec sheets for the military's new bomber it happens everyday. Too by left is a drawing that illustrates the method that most Hackers use to take over your computer. Ever since the dial-up connection was invented anyone with a modem had the ability to wreck any one of thousands of computers. One of the most talked about forms of computer crime is computer viruses. A computer virus is a small but highly destructive program written by an unscrupulous computer Hacker. Back in 1984 a 17 year old computer Hacker single handedly brought down four hundred thousand computers in a matter of hours. Too my left is a graph depicting the # of computer crimes comited from 1988 till now. Some Hackers create a program called a worm. A worm is a piece of malicious software and is part of the virus family. People write worms to transfer money from bank accounts into their own personal checking account. Another way that Hackers cause trouble is by altering the telephone switching networks at MCI, AT&T, and Sprint. By doing this they are able to listen to any conversation they choose. Often-times they will listen in on the Police and FBI communicating with each-other. This allows them to move to a new location

“Jane Eyre” Compare and Contrast Essay Essay

Characters in the exuberant novel Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte, have such broad yet elaborate personalities and traits so that setting them apart from one another would not be much of a challenge. One of the most important and steadfast character in this novel, Helen Burns, accepted widely by society that she resembles mostly to a missionary, in that of similar traits. Pairing a common idea, person, or object with characters clarify them to the highest degree. It is universally accepted that Helen Burns would be likened to a missionary because of her belief in God, In her ability to save someone, and because of her being rejected, like many missionaries today. Belief in God could not be more important for Helen Burns in her understanding of life as we know it, her harsh punishments, and strict conduct shape her personality and character from a child. Without her strong faith and belief in the Lord she would not have been able to have lived life so calm and steadfast. Even though it is claimed that her faith is not shaped entirely by the Bible, she tends to have a philosophy of her own, and that is to be somewhat be an individual and basically mind your own business, and to be one’s own person. â€Å"Hush, Jane! you think too much of the love of human beings; you are too impulsive, too vehement; the sovereign hand that created your frame, and put life into it, has provided you with other resources than your self, or than creatures feeble as you.†(Bronte 8). Helen says that Jane shouldn’t care for what people think, and says that she should only be focused on the true creator of life and only make sure that she pleases him and no one else, even though she should love everybody at all times, and not arouse any problems with anybody. Helen’s faith would be the sole reason of what keeps her strong, and what eventually keeps Jane strong, as well as helping her pass away knowing that she would once and for all unite with her savior – Jesus Christ. Faith and foundation rests upon the hands of God. A missionary’s occupation is built around those same building blocks of many human being today, and without their strong belief they could not do what they do best. Their faith helps them preach the gospel and help their brothers and sisters, mothers  and fathers, and daughters and sons all over the world. Without the drive and compassion they have for God, they would not be able to complete the basic and complex tasks as a human being and to reach the golden gates of Heaven one day. For example many people just by the ways and actions of most christians today gain respect for them by many different types of people, just like how Jane slowly but surely gains respect and understanding of why Helen became a Christian. Missionaries everyday accomplishments, and actions have the foundation of God built around them, and just like Helen Burns keeps them optimistic, and hopeful for a new day and what’s to come. The sole objective of Helen Burns’ life was to respect and follow the word of God, but little did she know that one of her objectives originally planned by God was to help Jane Eyre mature and find a love for God as well. Helen Burns was not aware but she shaped Jane’s life from a child and as she grew Helen’s teaching and soothing and wise words flowed right out of her. Jane’s character was built from the wise words and character of Helen Burns. Without Helen Burns Now it is universally accepted that Helen Burns saved Jane Eyre from a seeker to a believer in God, and this qualifies as a trait of a missionary, as well as shaping Jane’s discombobulated childhood. A missionaries purpose in life is to go from place to place and try to convert people into the word of God. A missionary realizes that they save people and that is what slightly differentiates Helen Burns from them. Even though most missionaries are older men, Helen Burns is a lady and a young one at that. Missionaries usually spread the word of God in many different ways, by being enthusiastic, factual, or funny. Helen Burns strictly sticks with the material she knows, and teaches Jane Eyre more than a thing a two about life in general and God. Missionaries all in all save people from sin, and guide them out of the darkness and into the light of God, just like Helen did for Jane. Missionaries have more of a knowledge of how they want to evaluate a certain person and what the best way would be to convert them. Missionaries save people everyday using different methods and reasoning, and in the end they end up helping people get steps closer to God. Helen Burns just like any other believer in Christ becomes always becomes  rejected by some way, shape, or form of society. At first Jane does not think anything of the word of God then she starts to associate it with a fairy-tale implying that it’s simply not true, there can be no place as heaven, and the idea of God being obscure. Being a young girl and not knowing better could be a legitimate explanation for this behavior, however when she realizes how calm and steadfast Helen’s actions are with her hard life of always being punished for the smallest things, and being picked on by cruel teachers, she begins to realize the empowerment of Christ. Helen Burns becomes a rejection faith-wise to Jane, but little by little Jane realizes truth from lie, just like many non-believers today. Helen Burns relates perfectly to a missionary for this reason, because of times Missionaries are rejected because of the stubborn atheists. Part of being a missionary and basically what comes in the package of this honor, would be that there will always be rejection. People who are uneducated, not willing to learn, or confused will not take the time to hear a missionary out and listen to why they should believe in the one true God. Rejection, clearly understood as an inevitable action or mental state that happens to be involved in everything. The incorporation of this in a missionaries work is double the amount of regular doses of rejection for the main reason of, â€Å"There is no such as God,† as thought by uneducated atheists. Just like Jane Eyre without giving Helen a chance to really speak her heart from the result of Jane’s actions, many missionaries are turned down by the public in the spite up they just don’t give them a chance to hear there thoughts, views, and morals. When Jane realizes how calm Helen was that she knew she was about to die, because it would give her a chance to be with God, she realizes that there is a God, and heaven would be her last and final destination from that day forward. Without the incorporation of Helen Burns in this novel, there would not be a foundation to Jane’s life, as she would still remain a seeker to find the religion that would suit her needs, and that she would feel was real and essential to her life. Helen Burns was a not only the foundation for Jane Eyre but the foundation for the novel itself. Just as a missionary always has base and roots of the person converted by them. Helen and a missionary  have much in common even though Helen was not aware of how she fulfills this title, and missionaries are. It’s widely accepted by society that Helen Burns would have to be one of the greatest literary characters to have ever been created, and if more of the world were indulged by her powerful presence maybe also they too would â€Å"Rise again.† (Bronte 9).

Analysis of Female Characters in Shakespeare’s Othello

ANALYSIS OF FEMALE CHARACTERS IN OTHELLO In this paper I have tried to analyse the female characters of Shakespeare’s Othello in the light of Elizabethan Era, and status of women in 12th century, the age from which the character of Othello is taken. I have also discussed the status of woman in Christianity in Shakespearean times. The main purpose of this research article in the analyse the female characters of Othello that they were not different from the real life of Shakespearean times nor alien from the women of 12th Century.Othello a black Moor, a warrior, won many battles, becomes a victim of jealousy and conspiracy of Roderigo. Who hates Othello not due to racial prejudice but rather jealousy that Othello has won fair Desdemona (1-1) Shakespeare’s primary source for Othello was Un Capitano moro, (A Moorish Captain), one of the One hundred short stories in the collection. Gli Hecatommithi published by the Italian, Cinthio (web) (1566-Venice). Cinthio’s story provides the backbone for Shakespeare’s plot although he changed and introduced some minor characters e. ; Brabantio and Roderigo. In Cinthio’s episode Iago’s motive for revenge against Othello was that he loved Desdemona, who out rightly rejected his proposal. The tragedy of Othello takes place in Venice and Cypress, Iago uses Desdemona through Emilia and inflames a good man with jealousy. In the beginning of the play the seed of conflict are sown when Roderigo shouts in dark at Brabantio’s house, the news of Desdemona’s elopement that she: hath made a gross revolt, Tying her duty, beauty wit and fortunes.In an extravagant and wheeling stranger Of here and everywhere† Brabontio thinks that it was due to some black magic that was used by Othello, the black moor, we see that there are hints of hostility within the play about Othello’s Moorish origin and his differences in religion and culture when Othello relates his story of love befo re the Duke in the Venation Senate and he convinces all of them that he never used magic or drugs. Barbantio demands that Desdemona should testify, she affirms her duty to her father (I. iii) (179-180).Who gave her life and education, but asserts she has a higher duty than this to Othello, as he is her husband. My Noble Father I also perceive here a divided duty; To you I am bound for life and education; My life and education both do learn me How to respect you; your are the lord of duty; I am therefore your daughter; but here is my husband. (I. iii. 180-185) Desdemona is presented as a true Christian character possessing all the virtues of honourable woman. She respects her father, admits his love and vows to obey her husband. She suffers more than any other character of the play.Othello also loves Desdemona from his heart in the beginning and utters it as: But that I have the gentle Desdemona, I would not my unhoused free condition Put into circumscription and confine For the seaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s worth (I. ii. 25-28) The love of Othello is corrupted by Iago’s conspiracy and Othello is trapped in his jealousy inflamed by handkerchief plot. His loves turns him mad and he uses the weapon of violence against the fair Desdemona. His hate is so much for Desdemona that he says to Lodovico: Ay; you did wish that I would make her turns.Sir, she turns, and turns and yet go on, And turn again; and she can weep, sir, weep; And she is obedient, as you say obedient, Very obedient. (IV. iii 252-257) Thus Othello implies that Desdemona is available to Lodovico or to any one else, also, because she is as obedient that she can obey any one. What is the significance of handkerchief of Othello? In Othello there are two accounts of handkerchief, in the first Othello warms Desdemona that his handkerchief is love charm with â€Å"magic in the web† given to his mother by an Egyptian.In the record account Othello tells Grantiano it was â€Å"an antique token/ My father gave m y father†. Othello’s two different versions make readers/audience baffle that which one is true. The fatal handkerchief is very important in the play (Andrews) In the beginning in of the play Desdemona is shown as an adventurous spirit when her husband Othello is called for military duty in Cypress, she begs to go with him and cannot think of remaining alone at home without her husband. Even Othello woos Desdemona by telling adventurous stories of actions and danger.She heard all these tales with â€Å"Greedy ears† Desdemona wishes that â€Å"The leavens had made her a man like Othello† (I. iii) Desdemona is very expressive about her love for Othello she is bold and beautiful in expressing her love for Othello even before her father and the duke and she also openly announces that she will go to Cypress, which shows that she was pretty frank about her sexual desire for her husband. Desdemona suffers much more than any other character of the play. She is a g ood natured young and beautiful lady ,and possesses all good qualities and Christian virtues.Then why she suffers so much? Shakespearean conveys the possibility that God’s deeds in the play, a work that prompts playgoers to believe that she deserves happiness (her taking Cassio’s case as her own), directly leads to her death† (Hunt 2004). The character of Desdemona is that if an â€Å"ideal wife† as Carroll Camden calls her in Iago on woman (2004). In Othello Desdemona disobeying her, back chatting with Iago (II. i), lying Othello of her death (V. ii), admiring Lodovico as a â€Å"Proper Man† (IV. I) and pressing Cassio’s suit to Othello.It is important to note that several critics cite Desdemona for violating Elizabethan or Jacobean law and propriety by denying her father and running off with the Moor (Kolin). Desdemona is one the most beautiful heroines of Shakespeare, when Brabantio arrives to confront Othello, he says that if it is imposs ible that â€Å"a maid so tender, fair and happy† (I. ii 66). Would ever love a scary black man like Othello. Cassio describes her beauty â€Å"That paragon description and wild fame† (II. i), here he means to say that Desdemona is more beautiful than ny possible description of her beauty, more beautiful than the wildest story of any woman’s beauty. She is indeed the â€Å"most fresh and delicate creature† (II-iii-19). When Othello saw his handkerchief is Cassio’s hand, Iago encourages Othello’s murderous mood by reminding him that Cassio gave the precious handkerchief to his whore, Bianca. Iago continues to subtly increase Othello’s fury through his use of sexual innuendo as he tells Othello that â€Å"Cassio has the handkerchief and implies that he has confessed to sleeping with Desdemona† (Bate & Rasmussen 2009).Othello was still uncertain; his disjointed language shows the breakdown of his self-control (IV-i). He falls down unconscious as Cassio arrives and Iago tells him that Othello has epilepsy, warning that he breaks into savage madness if woken from fit. It is interesting to note in Othello, Shakespeare uses female characters through Iago for the downfall of Othello. The conspiracies are woven with the help of women. All the three woman characters of Othello and theare used against Othello. It is true that Othello is all male- world- play of Shakespeare.Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca are rejected by their male partners and all three love their men unselfishly, even when confronted by behavior that we would deem grounds for divorce at the very last. All the women are engaged to unequal partnerships. They feel more for their self-centered men than the men are capable for reciprocating. However, the women also display genuine emotions toward each other that is not reflected in any of the male characters. Besides Desdemona, Emilia is an important character, she is elder and cynical than Desdemona. She develops a close relationship with the young married Desdemona.They form a bond of relationship over husband trouble. It is interesting to note that Emilia’s one dishonest act towards Desdemona is the stealing of handkerchief, she did not know the plot of Iago, her act of stealing turns out to have devastating consequences. (IV ) Unfortunately Emilia’s little theft ends up causing her friend’s death. Emilia realizes the importance of handkerchief and when she discovers about Iago’s evil plot against Othello and she relives the truth. She washes the bad name of Desdemona. She also sacrifices her own life so that Desdemona won’t be remembered as a whore.Iago and Emilia are married but their relationship is not based on mutual understanding. Iago always talks trash about woman in general. Emilia is eager to please him. She steals Desdemona’s handkerchief in order to please Iago. â€Å"I nothing but to please his fantasy† (III-iiii). She tries to gratify Iago’s thirst for power and wishes without involving into any evil designs which are in Iago’s mind: who would not make her husband A cockold to make him a monarch? I should venture purgatory for. (IV-iii) Like Desdemona, Emilia craves for affection. She is very submissive like Desdemona and Bianca.It was common in the Elizabethan woman to be submissive and devoted to male figures whether father or husband. Emilia’s bitterness boils over in the final scene during which she says that husbands are usually to blame when their wives cheat on them. After all, men cheat on woman all the time. Why shouldn’t woman have an equal right to infidelity? Although, Shakespeare wrote Othello in the early 1600’s. Emilia’s monologue is about as close as we find in later feminist manifesto. Third female character is that of Bianca, a Venatian courtier, who is in love with Cassio.Cassio always uses her as a laughable nuisance. Bianca’s c haracter is very sympathetic and Cassio uses her for his sexual needs and treats her like a garbage. why is she presented as a prostitute in the play? when there are only three woman characters. Actually Venice was famous for prostitution and promiscuity. She is a foil to the chaste and ever fatithful Desdemona. But hardhearted soldier in Othello does not recognize the difference between these women. He is easily cheated by ‘gentle’ Iago that Desdemona is having extra-marital sex with Cassio.It is also very interesting that all three woman, Desdemona Emilia and Bianca, are accused at some point or another of being promiscuous Each one of these women are rejected by their male partners. It was an error of judgment on the part of Othello that he was not able to understated Iago’s plot to ruin Othello. The woman, especially Desdemona, suffers most in the play. Emilia and Bianca also suffer, and Othello takes revenge and kills Iago when he comes to know about the rea lity. The play ends with a great loss, the death of Desdemona is the most tragic one, because she was the â€Å"the sweetest innocent/that ever did lift up eye†. V-ii). In the fits of jealousy Othello was blind to all love and affections of a human being, he acts like a beast when he says: O, she was foul! I scarce did know your, uncle; there lies your niece. Whose breath indeed, these hands have newly stopped. I know this act shows horrible and given(5) Iago stabs Emilia and when Othello was told the truth of handkerchief and Iago’s plot by dying Emilia. Who announces the innocence of Desdemona to Othello: Moor, she was chaste; she loved three cruel Moor; So come my soul to bliss, as I speak true; So speaking as I think, I die, I die. (Dies)Othello was almost mad after knowing the truth, he comes to know that his wife was innocent, when Gratiano enters into the bedchamber he requests him: O cursed, cursed salve! Whip me, ye devils From the possession of this heavenly sight! Blow me about in words! Roast me in sulpher! Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire! O Desdemona! Dead, Desdemona! Dead! O! ( V-II) The agony and remorse of killing was felt at heart by poor Othello, he stabs himself and gives a proof to world that never allow jealousy over come reason and also washes all the stains from the name of beautiful Desdemona. Othello utters his last words: I kissed thee ere I killed thee: No way but this (falling upon Desdemona) Killing myself, to die upon a kiss. (Dies) ( V-ii) Lodovico, a kinsman to Brabantio, asks Gratiano, Brother to Brabantio. â€Å"Myself will straight aboard; and to the state This heavy act with heavy heart relate† (V- ii) References .Andrews, M. C. (2004). Honest Othello: The Handkerchief once More. Studies in English Literature. camden, C. (n. d. ). Iago on women. Hunt, M. (2004). Shakespeare's Religious Allusiveness. ashgate. Kolin, P. C. (n. d. ). Othello:new critical essays. Rasmussem, J. B. (2009). William s hakespeare. Palgrave Macmillan.

Examining the similarities of leadership styles Essays

Examining the similarities of leadership styles Essays Examining the similarities of leadership styles Essay Examining the similarities of leadership styles Essay Purpose of this survey is to analyze the similarities of transformational, transactional and Servant leading theories and analyse the Contribution those theories make to the apprehension of leading. Introduction: Leadership has a major function in twenty-first century in all sectors. Here I am traveling to discourse about apprehension of what leading is, is at that place any similarities among three theoreticians on what good or effectual leading should be. Expectation, in the twenty-first Century leader should be moral, societal and ethical responsible. What is leading? Leadership is a procedure of act uponing the people to obtain the coveted end. There are many writers giving different definition. Goleman ( 2000 ) : A leader s remarkable occupation is to acquire consequences . House et Al ( 2004 ) : Leadership is the ability to actuate, influence and enable persons To lend to the aims of organisations of which they are members . Stogdill ( 1974 ) : Leadership is an influencing procedure aimed at end accomplishment . Johns T ( 2008 ) says: A leader takes people where they want to travel. A great leader takes people where they do nt needfully desire to be, but ought to be. There are a figure of types of leaders who adopt different leading manners Harmonizing to Richard Bolden ( 2004 ) , Different leading theories were revealed and classified.A And besides merely few leading theories reached to people. They are: Great Man Trait Eventuality Situational Behavioral Participative Management ( transactional leading theory ) Relationship ( transmutation, retainer and squad leading ) Now I am traveling to discourse about transformational, transactional and servant leading. Transformational leading: James Macgregor Burns was the first individual who forward construct of transforming Leadership. Burns says, transforming leading is a relationship of common Stimulation and lift that converts followings into leaders and may change over Leaderships into moral agents ( Burns, 1978 ) and so bass b.m was developed the transmutation leading The end of transformational leading is to transform people and organisations in a actual sense to alter them in head and bosom ; enlarge vision, penetration, and apprehension ; clarify intents ; Make behaviour congruent with beliefs, rules, or values ; and convey about alterations that are lasting, self-perpetuating, and impulse edifice ( Bass and Avolio, 1994 ) . Bass ( 1996 ) , Transformational leading occurs when a Leader encourages followings to portion a vision, authorising them to accomplish the vision, and supplying the chance to develop their single potency. Transformational leaders serve as function theoretical accounts, and besides transformational leader rise people from low degrees of demand, focused on endurance ( following Maslow s hierarchy ) , to higher degrees ( Kelly, 2003 ) . Components of transformational leading: Four common I s are, 1.A A A A A Idealized influence. Charismatic vision and behaviour that inspires others to follow. 2.A A A A A Inspirational motive. Capable of actuating others to perpetrate to the vision. 3.A A A A A Intellectual stimulation. Encouraging innovationA and creativeness. 4.A A A A A A A Individualized consideration. Coaching to the specific demands of followings. Beginning: ( Kelly, 2003 ) Features of transformational leader: Harmonizing to ( Tichy and Devanna, 1986 ) , they have seven features to animate their followings to accomplish beyond the outlook. 1. They visibly see themselves as alteration agents 2. They are courageous 3. They believe in people 4. They are driven by a strong set of values 5.They are life-long scholars 6. They can get by with complexness, uncertainness and ambiguity 7. They are visionaries Example of successful transmutation leading: There are many leaders win in the manner transformational leading qualities. Mahatma Gandhi is Transformational leader stand foring magnetic qualities. Transformational leader is Lou Gerstner retired Chairman and CEO of IBM. He turned IBM around from $ 8.1 billion loss in 1993 after placing portion of the company s job as success syndrome . IBM had become shockable and inflexible ( Sheppard, 2002 ) . Gerstner wholly transformed the civilization of the organisation through, for illustration, patterning desired behaviour and shut down IBM s ill-famed frock codification to reproduce better the vesture of their clients ( Sheppard, 2002 ) . Lee Iacocca is a transformational leader who is credited with salvaging the Chrysler Corporation ( 1980-1992 ) . He took over Chrysler when it was on the threshold of bankruptcy and put about transforming the ideals of his closest subsidiaries. He began to redesign the corporation s civilization. Because a transformational leader encourages others to go transformational leaders, shortly the full organisation was filled with effectual leaders ( Kelly, 2003 ) . Transactional leading: Transactional leading is a procedure of Social exchange between followings and leaders that involves a figure of reward-based minutess. The transactional leader makes clear what he want, Performance outlooks, ends, link between ends and wagess. The leader besides watches followings public presentation And if any errors happening towards the end, the leader appear to rectify ( Burns 1978 ) . In pattern, these leaders use more closed and prima inquiries ( Randell, 1997 ) . Components of transactional leading: ( Bass A ; Avolio, 1994 ) Contingent wagess: It refers to a prearranged understanding: If you do as we agreed so it specifies outlook and sets ends. Active management-by-exception: It refers to behavior where the leader is actively supervising a follower: I am seeing to it that you ( make non ) the leader is strongly oversing and has specified disciplinary actions for errors. Passive management-by-exception: It occurs when the leader is passively supervising a follower: If I happen to detect that you ( did non ) ; the leader takes disciplinary action in the instance of errors if these are found out. All these behaviours work on the rules of anticipation of wages and fright of penalty, related to demands that are lower on Maslow s hierarchy Features of transactional leading: harmonizing to Marcbowles ( 2003 ) , They puting a clear end. They create public presentation marks for each person and the squad They spot public presentation spreads. They wo nt swear their followings, they monitor their public presentation. They take disciplinary actions when necessary. They deriving promise to public presentation and ends through wage, wages, acknowledgment and congratulations. Example of successful transactional leading: Transactional leading is largely follow by directors and CEO in many organisations in twenty-first century. Ezine ( 2010 ) adverting about Steve Jobs ( TIMES CEO OF 2009 ) is the celebrated transactional leader. Steve Jobs was known for his down to Earth and undertaking orientated nature of his leading in apple computing machine. hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Leadership-Styles -Transactional-Leadership A ; id=4262945 Servant leading: Servant leading views a leader as a retainer of his/her followings. Servant leading was developed by green foliage in 1970, he said that The servant-leader is servant firstaˆÂ ¦It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to function, to function foremost. Then witting pick brings one to draw a bead on to take. He or she is aggressively different from the individual who is Leader foremost, possibly because of the demand to pacify an unusual power thrust or to get material ownerships. ( Greenleaf, 1970 ) . Katzenbach and Smith ( 1993 ) high spots The importance of leaders cognizing when to follow The importance of the leader moving as supportive individual to their followings to accomplish undertaking instead than merely directing. They propose that the leader should inquire inquiries instead than giving replies ; provide chances for others to take them ; Components of servant leading: Servant leading has six distinguishable constituents: ( Laub, 1999 ) . Valuing people Developing people Building community Exposing genuineness Supplying leading Sharing leading Features of servant leading: They Serve other s demands before their demands They believe in people They are really simple and caring personalities They Provide chances to larn and turn They create Strong interpersonal relationships Share power and release control Share position and promote others Example of Successful servant leading: Maxwell J ( 2007 ) add the new jurisprudence in The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership Leaders Add Value by Serving Others, he described about functioning others, can do immense values ( net income ) in the organisation. Adding Net incomes by Adding Value Costco s CEO, Jim Sinegal, believes the success of Costco comes from handling his employees good. Transactional versus Transformational leading: Harmonizing to Bass ( 1985 ) transactional leader motivates subsidiaries by interchanging wagess for services provided. Transactional Leader chiefly focused on end. Leader has been deriving promise to public presentation and ends through wage, wages, acknowledgment and congratulations. Transformational leaders, on the other manus, motivate subsidiaries to execute beyond expectations. . Bass argued that such public presentation can non be achieved through transactional leading entirely. .A Comparison of Transactional and Transformational Leadership: ( Covey, 1992 ) Transformational Leadership Transactional Leadership aˆ? physiques on a adult male s demand for intending aˆ? Is preoccupied with intents and values, ethical motives, and moralss aˆ? Transcends day-to-day personal businesss aˆ? Is focused on accomplishing long term ends Without compromising human values and Principles aˆ? Focuses more on missions and schemes aˆ? Releases human prospective identifying and budding new endowment aˆ? Designs and redesigns occupations to do them meaningful and disputing aˆ? Aligns domestic constructions and systems to reinforce overarching values and ends aˆ? Builds on adult male s demand to acquire a occupation done and do a life aˆ? Is preoccupied with power and place, political relations and fringe benefits aˆ? Is mired in day-to-day personal businesss aˆ? Is short-run and difficult informations orientated aˆ? Focuss on tactical issues aˆ? Relies on human dealingss to lubricate human interactions aˆ? Follows and fulfils function outlooks by endeavoring to work efficaciously within current systems aˆ? Supports constructions and systems that reenforce the bottom line, maximise efficiency, and warrant short-run net incomes Leithwood and Jantzi ( 2000 ) conclude that transactional leaders more normally use teleological moralss ( teleology is the survey of ends, terminals and intents. ) Whereas transformational leaders deploy deontological moralss. Servant Leadership versus Transactional Leadership: Servant leading and transactional leading are apparent in a figure of ways. Servant leaders emphasize activities that fans of wellbeing, while transactional leaders focus on the activities of everyday care and resource allotment followings of monitoring and direction to accomplish organisational ends. Contrary to the main retainers who influence followings through personal development and authorization, the transactional leader influences followings through the usage of wagess, countenances, and formal authorization and place to bring on behavior consistent. Harmonizing to Blanchard and Johnson ( 1985 ) , transactional leaders create strong outlooks about the behaviour of employees, every bit good as clear counsel on employees receive wagess for run intoing the outlooks of transactional leader.Li Thus, leaders use transactional contingent wages behaviour to implement minutess with followings to accomplish work ends ( Bass, 1985 ) . Servant Leadership versus Transactional Leadership: Harmonizing to the rock and his co-worker point of position servant leading and transformational leading, both theoretical accounts incorporate features such as regard, vision, influence, mold, trust, unity, and deputation ( Stone et al. , 2003 ) .Transformational leading and servant leading have similar qualities such as individualised grasp and consideration of followings. Servant and Transformational Leadership: A Comparative Model Under the Servant Leader theoretical account, the leader s motive to take arises from an implicit in attitude of equalitarianism. In other words, the leader s belief system says he or she is no better than those who are led. All members of the organisation have equal rights to vision, regard, and information. The leader s function is to ease the outgrowth of a community within the organisation. 1, are valuing people, developing people, constructing community, exposing genuineness and sharing leading. Possible impacts of these drivers could be: higher skilled people, more ethical people, better communicators, strong interpersonal relationships, creative activity of shared visions, and clear goals.It is argued here that these results in concurrence with the leader enterprises that produce them create the religious productive civilization. Under the transformational leader theoretical account, the chief leader enterprises are idealised influence, inspirational motive, rational stimulation and individualised consideration. These enterprises lead to: function mold, high ethical criterions, concern for the demands of others, communicating of outlooks shared visions, inventions, hazard pickings, and oppugning of patterns and systems. Beginning: Smith.B et Al ( 2004 ) servant leading tends to cultivate a more inactive attack to the external environment than transformational leading. The servant leader s motive is directed more at the personal growing of the follower, therefore the servant leader s success is determined by the extent to which the follower moves toward self realization ( Maslow, 1970 ) . Whereas the transformational leader s motive is directed More toward obtaining success for the organisation, which will reflect on his/her abilities, and the success of these leaders is measured by the extent to which they obtain organisational wagess. Decision: leading is attitude non a function. Leadership in Leadership, It seems, is progressively going the cosmopolitan redress of the twenty-first Century and its accent is turning towards the moral, societal and ethical duties of leaders. Transformational leading is suited for dynamic organisation and servant leading suited for inactive organisation such as church, non-profit organisation, non-government organisation. Most of leader utilizing transactional leading theory while they utilizing transformational leading. There is nil every bit practical as a good theory ( Lewin, 1935 ) . So Today s leaders need to be skilled in alteration direction to follow in any state of affairs CHRISTINA OSBORNE ( 2008 ) .

9 Free and Effective Classroom Rewards

9 Free and Effective Classroom Rewards Its no secret that schools only provide the bare minimum, so teachers often need to dip into their already shallow pockets in to supplement what the school provides in the classroom. Material rewards are one easy place where we can cut corners and still remain effective educators. You really dont need to spend your money on candy, toys, stickers, and other little goodies to extrinsically motivate, reward, and recognize your students good behavior. Emphasize intrinsic motivation and teach that learning and good behavior are rewards unto themselves. Your students will rise to your heightened expectations.   Easy, Free Rewards for Your Classroom Save yourself the trouble and consider some of the free ways you can give your students a meaningful thumbs up when they do something right. Lunch Bunch   Recognize a well-behaved table group by inviting them to Lunch Bunch with the teacher. The chosen kids bring their own lunches and eat in the classroom together with you. If you have a TV, find some cartoons to watch. Or, have the kids bring their favorite CDs from home to listen to during lunch (check the lyrics first!). They can also play games when they finish eating. The children feel special because they get to stay inside and you may even find that you enjoy this unique, low-key time with the kids as much as they do. Longer Recess   This is a great one because it doesnt have to involve extra time from you. If possible, reward a child by letting them stay outside and play until a later bell. For example, after my third graders come in, the fourth graders get to play about 10 more minutes. So, I can reward a student by letting them stay out until the fourth grade bell. You may need to double-check with yard duty supervisors before doing this. Also, you probably wont want to use this one all the time. The kids do miss some instructional time and you are relying on the supervisors to help you out. Special Seats   Reward a well-behaved (or much-improved) child by letting them work at the teachers desk for an entire day. Or, you can set up a special seat on the rug and let chosen students have a chance to sit there during story time. This free reward is zero hassle for you and quite a thrill for the kids! Whole-Group Rewards   Let individual students earn points towards a whole class reward. This works especially well for students who crave attention because they will earn positive attention from the whole class for their good behavior. For example, the student can earn a table point for their table group, or a few marbles for the class marble jar. This helps difficult students feel like a real part of the group and it provides for a little positive peer pressure to keep them performing well. Read-In Party Stay away from popcorn parties that require extra money and preparation from you. Tell the kids that they can wear pajamas to school that day (discuss appropriate attire, first!). They can also bring their favorite stuffed animal and a pillow. Use the day to celebrate the joys of reading. The kids get to lounge around the room for part of the day, reading, relaxing, and savoring the joy of books. You can also add in other literary activities for a rewarding day that sends a clear message to the students: Reading is Fun! Afternoon of Art and Music   Art and music are worthy academic subjects. But, if youre like most time-strapped teachers, you cant fit enough of them into the school day. Motivate your class with this simple reward. Let the class listen to music while they work on an art project. Theyll love it and so will you! Good Phone Call Home Why do phone calls home always have to be negative? Set this standard on its head by letting parents and guardians know how great their child is doing in your class. Most students will work really hard to get this kind of individualized recognition that will make a big difference at home. This is also a wonderful opportunity to solidify your relationship with parents. They want to know that you love their child and this is an easy way to make everyone happy. Help in Another Class   This is a great one for reinforcing academic content and building self-esteem in kids who really need it. Its hard to implement in kindergarten and first grade classes, but with other grades, it works great. Recognize a worthy student by letting them help out in a lower grade for awhile. Use your professional judgment to make it work in your classroom and school environment. Hand Stamp Dont get stuck on costly and consumable stickers. Use the simple ink stamps that you already have to let a student know that they are A-okay! Simply stamp your sign of approval on the back of the childs hand. You may want to clear this with parents first, since they might not appreciate ink on their kids hand. It may sound too good to be true, but if you dont introduce material rewards in the first place, your students will never miss them. In elementary school, children are so eager to please and so pleased to receive any little special recognition. They really will bend over backward for these types of rewards that dont cost you a penny! Edited by  Janelle Cox

International Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Criminal Law - Essay Example of international crimes is even more complicated because the enforcement of the penal statute is carried out by international bodies against individual persons for acts committed in different countries. Where the international tribunal has jurisdiction, however, it is able to add further definition to a new offense. Such is the case with the crime of genocide. The crime of genocide is a relatively new name for a violent act that had long existed, merely because it has only recently been criminalized. Quigley2 refers to the crime of genocide consisting of forcible acts that are directed against individual members of a group in a way that threatens a group, although closer examination reveals that there are fine points that qualify acts of genocide. Most such atrocities are coincidental to the occurrence of war. In the twentieth century, the earliest such atrocity was in 1915 when Turkey, fearing that its two million Armenian population would side with its enemies, began deporting this population to Syria and Mesopotamia. The deportation was particularly brutal and involved several mass executions, during which several hundred Armenians died, prompting Arnold Toynbee to lament it as â€Å"the murder of a nation.†3 It took another world war and another three decades before the offense of genocide was conceived. The Germans committed such violence against indiscriminate and countless people that Churchill decried it as â€Å"a crime without a name†.4 The term â€Å"genocide† was coined by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish lawyer who escaped Nazi occupation and worked in Washington war intelligence. The word, as Lemkin himself described, is â€Å"a hybrid consisting of the Greek genes meaning race, nation or tribe; and the Latin cide meaning killing5 (e.g. suicide, homicide). After having chronicled the atrocities of the Third Reich, Lemkin had a circumscribed perspective of what would comprise the offense of genocide. He wrote that: â€Å"Genocide is effected through a