Comparison of Financial Performance Measures †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Comparison of Financial Performance Measures. Answer: Introduction: Cathay Pacific is the airline which is enumerated and centered in Hong Kong, giving scheduled services of cargo and passengers to one hundred and eighty destinations, forty-four countries and territories. Some of the services of the company are: services of cargo, air passenger, airline catering, ground handling, passenger handling and services of aircraft maintenance. The company was founded in 1946 in Hong Kong and has been committed to its home base investments to improve the economy of the Hong Kong. The airline company has more than one hundred and forty-six aircrafts and some of its investments are ground handling companies, catering, and its corporate HQ and the terminal cargo in Hong Kong(Airways, 2017). Hong Kong dragon airline is a subsidiary owned wholly by the Cathay Pacific operating forty-two aircrafts and services to fifty-three destinations. The Cathay and the subsidiaries have more than 34,000 employees worldwide. It is the world's tenth largest airline measured in terms of sales. In terms of customization, Cathay Pacific airline believes that its size allows it to give more high quality and personal products(Airways, 2016). Highlighting its focuses on the services of the customers, airline installed personal videos in every seat in all the three classes of the aircraft. It also provides three methods of making the arrangements of travelling to the customers or passengers: local travel agents, a call centre and the online. The airline gives services of care for different groups of passengers: those with the special need, young passengers and minors not accompanied. As the regard to its people advantage, the members of the crew are well qualified and represented in more than sixty nationalities. Good accessibility is evident in the provision of the aforementioned of three options to book the services. The Cathay Pacific won the prestigious best marketing campaign(Dissertation, 2014). The pestle analysis comprises six factors from the exterior environment that influence the decisions of the strategic businesses directly Pacific the legal unfavorable, environmental, technological, social, economic and political(Dissertation, 2015). Being the active player in the aviation and airline sector, the companies' decision is affected largely by the factors of politics. The company cannot bypass the rules of the state and regulations of any country like security controls and bans on an airline without approval by the government. The policies of the state are affecting the companies' decisions and the favourable structure of politics of any countries gives the opportunity for the Cathay Pacific, and nevertheless, the company have the pre-developed strategy and team to deal with matters of politics in all the countries(Jim, 2013) The decision of the Cathay Pacific are affected largely by economic factors and can even take the company towards the bankruptcy. The variation of the charges for fuel is the manipulating issue affecting the performance of the company. Regarding the crisis of 2013-2014, the main airline was bankrupt because of the increasing prices of fuel and the operating costs and the recession in the cycle of the economy(Doole, 2015). When the Cathay Pacific operates in many countries, the indicators of the economy like the rate of joblessness, interest rate, the rate of exchange and financial growth rate influence the planned decision of the company directly. In the study of the airline company, the report of the efficiency of operation is because of the economic factors resulted in a reduction in restructuring and profitability(Neil, 2012). Strategic choice of the Cathay Pacific is influenced by social factors. The company run its operation into many beliefs and having its base in many countries, the policies of the company, services and correspondences are affected by social factors. It uses the combined approaches of the global and local company which focused on the giving the customers best the and also listening to the customers. The initiatives of technology like IT outsourcing and smart sourcing improves the level of service. The airline also respects the norms of local societies and peoples values in every country and celebrates the events like public events, Easter, and Christmas. The company should consider the values, norms and social before working in a given culture(EMEA, 2013). The strategic decision of the airline company is affected by the technological factors. The company trusts the methodologies of progression for promoting its level of technologies such as buying equipment technology, upgrading the systems of computers, smart sourcing, and IT development of infrastructure. Other issues related to technology are contingency plans, the location of infrastructure IT, technology cost, and availability of the skilled staff and equipment(Eva, 2015). The airline industry is affected by environmental factors because of the strict environmental rules of protection. The Cathay Pacific ensure that operations are not environmentally affected so its implication is to use the engines of efficient fuel, management of wastes, recycling, management of noise and engagement in the activities of protecting the environment. The Cathay Pacific doesn't use the aeroplanes that cause pollution and produces high emissions of carbon(Wendy, 2013). A market that is more profitable boosts competition levels. In this effort, firms will enter the market to take the shares of some markets away. The region of Asia Pacific is the example of the market of dynamic where the tourisms of the outbound enjoys rising growth of around 7.9% outbound with 25% in 2014. All the airlines in the regions before the current crisis of finance were getting more profits The Cathay Pacific follows the legal regulations and rules based in Hong Kong and other countries. Being the player globally, most of the laws of flight, business laws of international, airport laws, laws of protection of the customer, safety laws, exchange and security commissions laws, laws of the environment and many laws of regulation. It reflects the lawful outline of domestic and international before making the plans of strategic(General Books LLC, 2016). It is stated that high prices of fuel and rising shortages of natural resources are facing manufacturers to make vehicle for more eco-friendly and smaller. The environment has been destroyed by the climate change and global warming and industry of airline has been the issue of the source of fast growing of emission of greenhouse gases. Airlines have countered the environmentalist pressure with denials and relation of public about their green credentials. Airlines are working smarts to develop jets of biofuel. Airlines should enter the partnership of environment with the builders of aircraft for eco-friendly aircrafts, quieter takeoffs and landings, substantially decrease the impacts of the environment management (Hong, 2014). The table above shows the financial ratio of the Cathay Pacific and the financial performance of the company that has improved in terms of the company's profitability. In the last 3 years, 2013 to 2015, the profit of operation of the Cathay Pacific have gradually increased. In 2013, the ratio of the profit of operation for the Cathay Pacific was 5 and improved to 8. In 2014 and 11 in 2015. It can be seen that the profit increment of the company in 2015 was advanced than in the year 2013. The change in the ratio of net profit of the company in last three years was 16 Results 2015 2014 2013 Revenue 103, 000 106,000 100,484 Attributable profit to the Cathay Pacifics shareholders 6,000 3,150 2,620 Earnings 150.5 90.0 66.6 Dividend 0.60 0.40 0.22 Margin of profit 5.9 3.0 2.6 Funds attributed to the Cathay Pacifics shareholders 48000 52000 62,888 Net borrowing 43000 44000 39,316 Funds of shareholders per share 13.0 14.0 15.9 Equity ratio or net debt 0.88 0.84 0.36 Table 2 above shows the performance of the Cathay Pacific for the last three years(Olegario, 2012) The improvement in the performance of the group in 2013 was large because of the reinforcement of passengers corporate and the constructive impact of the presented measures in 2012 to guard the corporate against high jet fuel charges. The business of cargo was still affected by weak demand and strong competition, though there were some improvements that occur seasonally in the last quarter of 2013. The business was constantly affected by the high constant prices of fuel. The share of the profit from the subsidiaries of non-airline and from the associated reduced to HK $781(Organisation, 2016). In 2014, the corporate was influenced by increased fuel prices, decreased return of passengers, sustained witness and capacity in the cargo air market. The corporate was typically best in the half of the year than in the first year. The demand of the passengers was steady with the great demand in the summer periods and peak of Christmas. After the extended weakness period, cargo demand started to increase in the summer 2014 and becomes strong in the fourth quarter of the year, which is the cargo period peak. The business advanced from fewer prices of fuel in the fourth quarter but was offset partially by the losses of fuel hedging(PETER, 2017). The performance of the 2015 group was good compared to the group of 2014. The airline advanced from the low prices of fuel. The great load of the passenger in the first half of the year was the same in the second half and shows the great demand of the economy class. The class of premium was not on demand as the routes of long haul. The demand of the cargo was under the pressure in the quarter of the year and also weak in the second half the contribution from the associate of the company and the subsidiary groups also increased(PediaPress, 2015). The installation of the new seats of business class of the Boeing and Airbus long-haul aircraft was finished in 2013 and the long haul business class seat on Boeing 747-400and Airbus A340-300 aircraft was improved. The fitting of the new economy class seat on the long haul Boeing and the Airbus aircraft was finished this year. The premium economy class was ready on the aircraft of 85 in the year 2013. New systems of entertainment and monitors of touch screen were installed in the economy class in the aircraft with regional seats of business class. Video and audio on the demand were available for the passengers through private monitor TV, classy glassware, crockery, and cutlery were introduced(Press, 2014). The lounge of the first class and the wing at the intercontinental airport of Hong Kong was reopened following the wide restoration. There was a new list of options at the haven, a new inn and restored bathhouses with bath and shower amenities. A fifty daily flight to London were added and their demand has been very strong and weekly services were also introduced. The centre for IT innovation was introduced in this year and mobile fast to simplify boarding and check-in. The electronic system for retrieving, recording and maintenance of aircraft and many pages were converted in the format of electronic(Research, 2016). In 2014, the restored lounge was opened at Penang international airport. Streamed digital magazines and newspapers were given to the passengers in the lounges in Hong Kong international airport. Cathay Pacific introduces services of daily to Doha and Qatar Airways, also the networks were reorganized in the Middle East and the flight to Abu Dhabi was stopped and improved the scheduled to the routes of Middle East. Daily services were introduced to network, Manchester, Zurich and Dusseldorf. Dragonair stated going to Penang as the Cathay Pacific stopped. The airborne trial of the enabling technology of aircraft and the system of ground stated in 2014, the technology facilitates the working practices improvement and reduces the operation costs(Research, 2016). Live television channels, was launched for the passengers to stay well-informed of the worldwide newscast, sporting from the skies and extended access to the cheap connectivity of great speediness for passengers in each cabin. The passengers were able to surf the internet and stay in touch with individuals on their private diplomacies(Press, 2014). The services of chauffeur-drive were expanded across all network, carrying out about one million trips in 2014, and carrying 23% more first-class customers from and to the airport compared to 2013. At the airport, practice planned holes-in-the-wall were coupled with software to restore the check-in procedure In 2015, the mobile application was introduced that enabled the blocking of the flight on the mobile phone and also the content of the website of the airline was improved this year. Catering system of cloud-based was introduced to improve the efficiency and productivity and facilitate the catering improvements in the future. Tablets were given to the cabin crew of the airline to provide the information that gives more personalized and consistent experience of travel to the passengers. Bag drop of self-service and facility of kiosk tagging bag were introduced and new systems were established to replace the system of booking, also the system that deals with the passengers complaints were introduced. The app was launched for iPad and iPhone, to enable consumers to accomplish each feature of their tourism with the Cathay Pacific whether the reservation, meals and seat selection(Vicky, 2017). Comparisons of the financial performance of the Cathay Pacific in the year 2013, 2014, and 2015 Operating statistics Currency 2013 2014 2015 Available tonne kilometres Million 26,259 28,440 30,048 Available seat kilometres Million 127,215 134,711 142,680 Revenue carried passengers 000 29,920 31, 570 34,065 Passenger load factor % 82.2 83.3 85.7 Yield of passenger Cents 68.6 67.3 59.6 Mail and cargo carried 000tonnes 1,539 1,723 1,798 Mail and cargo load factor % 61.8 64.3 64.2 Mail and cargo yield HK$ 2.32 2.91 1.90 ATK with fuel HK$ 3.70 3.68 3.15 ATK without fuel HK$ 3.16 3.13 3.06 Utilization of aircraft Hours per day 11.8 11.9 12.2 Performance of on time % 75.5 70.1 64.7 Average fleet age Years 9.3 9.1 9.1 emissions of GHG Million tons of CO2 e 15.5 17.1 16.4 emissions of GHG per ATK Grammes of CO2e 589 576 569 Rate of lost time injury Numbers of injuries per equivalent to 100 full-time employees 4.84 3.67 2.81 Table 3 above shows the financial performance of the Cathay Pacific airline for the last three years(W, 2013) Passenger revenue in the year 2013 rises to HK$ 71,826 million by 2%. The capability reduced by 1.5% because of the reduction of frequencies of long haul in 2012 and accelerated the boing retirement. Capacity increased towards the end year as the frequency restored and other ways were presented. The factor of load improved to 82.2% by 2.1 %. Yield increased by 1.8% to HK68.5 cents. The demand of passengers was very strong on the routes of long haul in every travel classes(Warren, 2015). The business of cargo has been influenced by low demand since 2011. The revenue of cargo was HK$23,663 million a decrease of 3.6% when compared to the performance in 2012. Making ad-hoc cancellation of flight and reducing the schedules of freight helped in the carriage of more cargo in the passenger aircraft. The price of fuel of jet accounts for 39% of the total cost of operation in 2013. The groups fuel in 2013 reduced by 4.6% as compared to 2012 as an outcome of outline measures of 2012 like changing the schedule, capacity reduction, older withdrawal and less efficient aircraft(Young, 2014). The revenue of the passenger group for 2014 improved to HK$ 75,734 million by 5%. Capacity rises by 5.9% because of the establishment of other routes and raised regularities of available routes. The factor of the load improved by points of 1.1 % to 31.6 million. Yield reduced to HK 67.3 cents by 1.8 percent. After the longtime of weakness, the demand for cargo improves in the summer of the year 2014 and become so strong in the fourth quarter of the year. The revenue of the group cargo rises to HK$25,000 million by 7.3% compared to 2013. In 2014, the cost of fuel rises by 0.7 percent compared to the previous year, importantly below the cargo and passenger capacity increase of 5.9 and 10.4 percent. The consumption of fuel was high because many flights were being operated but this problem ended by the introduction of aircraft of less fuel efficient(Airways, 2017). Overcapacity in the market cargo put the compression on the first years rates. The rates improved in the second half due to the demand improve or the shipment from the mainland China and Hong Kong. The carried tonnage rises by around 12percent compared to the previous year. The revenue of the passenger group in 2015 was HK$ 73,000 million, a reduction of 3.5 when compared to 2014. There was the increase in capacity because of the introduction of the new route and the frequency increase in the routes. The load factor increased by 2.4% to 85%. Stiff competition, a reduction in the surcharges fuel, unfavorable currencies and the fact that the Hong Kong was used by the passengers to connect put the downward pressure on the yield that reduced by 11 percent(Airways, 2016). The revenue of the cargo group in 2015 was HK$23,120 million a reduction of 9 percent compared to 2014. Cargo profit in this year was realized because of the low fuel price that means low surcharges of fuel that affects the yield of the revenue. This also means the more capable of the market. The cargo demand was high in the first quarter of 2015 but weak from that period until its end. The demand for the shipment to the Europe, exports of the cargo from Zhengzhou, Chongqing, Chengdu, and Shanghai was high. The revenue of 2015 from the sources in the dollars of Hong Kong was influenced by the weakness of the Renminbi. There was high demand for the shipment of the parts of electronics and perishable goods to Vietnam(Doole, 2015). Conclusion Cathay pacific was among the founding members of the huge alliances of Oneworld, providing them with the opportunity to codeshare with other good airlines like British airway and flybe. Passengers can check the services of the Cathay pacific online through the mobile or at the airport. Seats can be booked in advance for the passengers flying in the business class or the first class. The company is known as the best in terms of services, their four classes of travel are the first class, business class, premium economy and economy class. According to the performance of the company for the last three years, performance of 2015 is better than other year because of the invented technologies and services in the year. Pestle analysis helps the company to know how they operates and also SWOT provides the strength and weaknesses and how they can be handled. Bibliography Airways, C. P., 2016. The Cathay Pacific Pictorial History of Aircraft. Berlin: Unicorn Books, . Airways, C. P., 2017. Cathay Pacific Submission in Support of Its Application to Operate a Service from Hong Kong to Tokyo/Honolulu/Vancouver/Seattle/San Francisco/Los Angeles and Vice Versa. Mumbai: The Company. Diane, B., 2011. Cathay's Alliance Poses Threat To Rivals Among Asian Airlines. London: Wall Street Journal. Dissertation, O., 2014. A Study of Quality Circle of Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd. Perth: Open Dissertation. Dissertation, O., 2015. Crews Facilities Complex for Cathay Pacific Airways. Michigan: Open Dissertation . Doole, I., 2015. Strategic Marketing Decisions in Global Markets. Michigan: Cengage Learning EMEA. EMEA, C. L., 2013. Strategic Marketing Decisions in Global Markets. Colorado: Cengage Learning EMEA. Eva, 2015. Cathay Pacific Airways. Toledo: University of Hong Kong. School of Business. General Books LLC, 2016. Cathay Pacific. Perth: General Books LLC,. Hong, U. o., 2014. Crews Facilities Complex for Cathay Pacific Airways at Chek Lap Kok Airport. Colerado: University of Hong . Jim, L., 2013. "Flashback Cathay Pacific Summer 1979 Boeing 747 operations". Colorado: Routes Online. Joanne, C., 2014. "Cathay Pacific Net Nearly Triples". Moscow: The Wall Street Journal. Ka-Kan Erico Chan, 2017. Changes in Cathay Pacific Airways. Mumbai: BiblioBazaar. Kong, U. o. H., 2014. A Study of Quality Circle of Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd. Perth: University of Hong Kong . Limited, C. P. A., 2016. Cathay Pacific. Hong Kong: Cathay Pacific Airlines Limited. Neil, D., 2012. Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong Airport Become Biggest for Freight. Hong Kong: Businessweek. Olegario, C., 2012. Cathay Pacific Flight 780. Mumbai: Ject Press. Organisation, U.-P., 2016. Cathay Pacific and Dragonair. Moscow: University-Press Organisation. PediaPress, 2015. Cathay Pacific. Colorado: PediaPress. PETER, C.-P., 2017. A Study on Cathay Pacific Airways'. Paris: Open Dissertation. Press, C. U., 2014. Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule. Mumbai: Cambridge University Press. Vicky, S.-F., 2017. A Comparison of Financial Performance Measures Between Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd and Singapore Airlines. Perth: BiblioBazaar. Warren, F., 2015. Cathay Pacific. Michigan: Harvard Business . Wendy, L., 2013. "Cathay Pacific's Tyler doesn't expect recovery soon". Berlin: Bloomberg L. P. . Young, G., 2014. The Story of Cathay Pacific Airways. Toledo: Faber Faber.

An Introduction to Environmentalism - The IELTS Essay Sample Band Review

An Introduction to Environmentalism - The IELTS Essay Sample Band ReviewSome of the most well known and most widely used IELTS essays have been published by two authors of environmentally oriented books. Their names are Robert Schwartz and Elisabeth Fernandez.The focus of their subject matter is the ever-changing environment. It includes topics like the effects of global warming, the effects of acid rain, the effects of pollution and the effects of hurricanes. These are just a few of the environmental problems which are addressed in their books.This is not surprising because both of these authors know that their IELTS essays will be read by individuals who are most likely environmentalists. They consider this to be their duty as authors of such books. They are both individuals who care about the environment, and also individuals who respect those who do.The most common way that IELTS essay samples Band reviews are published is by books publishing companies. Many of these companies ha ve committed themselves to helping green living and have therefore begun the process of implementing Green initiatives. Because of their commitment to helping promote environmentally sound methods of life, many of them include reviews of books and other products that they believe will help.The reviews may not directly have anything to do with the green approach, but they may influence readers to think differently. This is because readers may begin to think that green living is not possible for them, and will thus begin looking for alternative ways of living. This can influence green people to look at environmental issues and try new things, or it can make green people look at environmental problems and choose not to do things which may not be as environmentally sound.Some examples of Green living that are seen as impractical would be a petrol-fueled car or a home, which relies on electric power instead of petrol. These types of living alternatives often appear in the books written b y Green authors. In this regard, the books reviewed may be helpful for the reader trying to find ways to live more environmentally soundly.Authors who have discovered ways to live green may want to consider promoting the books by publishing them as IELTS essay samples. It may influence people to look into ways of living green, or it may prompt them to choose more environmentally sound ways of living.

Feminism in the works of Susan Glaspell and Sophocles

Counterproductive or deviant behaviours in organisations Essays

Counterproductive or deviant behaviours in organisations Essays Counterproductive or deviant behaviours in organisations Paper Counterproductive or deviant behaviours in organisations Paper Counter productive or deviant behaviours in organisations have continued to thrive and having huge financial costs to many businesses. There are various factors that cause work deviance or counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) like lack of trust between manager and employees, unfair treatment, rewards system and the need to revenge after a perceived unjust or unfair treatment. The management has many ways of reducing these deviant behaviours despite their prevalence. The manager should set an example; establish trust, treat workers with respect and dignity and fair compensation systems. Counterproductive or deviant behaviour in organisations Counterproductive work behaviour can be simply described as the behaviours by members of an organization that counter the Organization’s rightful interests. In other terms counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) can be seen as consisting of deliberate actions by workers that could harm an organization or its stakeholders. CWB can be demonstrated through acts of physical aggression against people or less violent forms conduct like verbal aggression and any other type of maltreatment directed toward individuals. It includes damage and abuse of organizational possessions or assets, performing work the wrong way, or even failing to inform managers about faults and other job problems for example, a machine failure, and issues of absenteeism for example reporting as sick when not. It also includes acts of violence, deviance reprisal and revenge (Jones, 2009). Organizational or work deviance can be referred to as the employees’ voluntary or calculated behaviours that violate the norms of an institute, and in the end threatening or jeopardising the welfare and interests of an organization and its members at large. Workplace deviance can group into production, political, property deviance and personal aggression. Production deviance involves violating quality and principles that direct product reliability. It occurs when workers infringe the values of quality and measure when producing a product or a service, for example, wasting resources, or deliberately working at a snails pace. Political deviance takes place when employees demonstrate preferential treatment to particular stakeholders, placing others at a disadvantage, for example undercharging preferred customers. Property deviance is depicted through the destruction or acquisition of the business assets without company consent for example by stealing products or filling expense accounts. Lastly personal aggression entails unfriendly or aggressive behaviour which could harm the reputation of the organisation like having off-putting cost for the targeted customers. It also includes coercion tactics like verbal abuse or sexual harassment (Raven Rubin 1976). Work deviance and counterproductive work behaviour can be influenced by a number of issues which could be personal or organisational. The management influences the working conditions, the terms of employment, working hours, means of rewards and payment, the general feelings of the employees through the language that they communicate to them (and in this case abusive supervision), the level of motivation, methods of correction and termination of employment and the level of trust and justice that they demonstrate in the treatment of employees. Many of the factors emanate from the organizations management despite the fact that there are other factors that influence work deviance or counterproductive work behaviour (Ajzen, I. 1991). The first managerial issue influencing CBW and work deviance is the terms of rewards to the employees. Depending on the organization’s design, reimbursement and remuneration system on several instances can promote employees tendency to have deviant behaviours. In other cases competition for higher rewards can be basis of employees looking out for themselves and to have the notion that devious actions are necessary to be able to have an upper hand over their co-workers. In organisations where employees’ compensation is partly determined upon by gratuities or commissions or in other cases better employees’ recognition with clientele, can most likely trigger unexpected behaviours that workforce can come up with under the pretext of having a business meeting to achieve the set sales targets and consumer satisfaction. According to research there are many instances of the association sandwiched between commissions and gratuities and cases of deviance in the workplace. Studies of employees in marketing and sales positions in a number of industries such as real estate, insurance, banking, automobiles, financial service and other sectors whose income is based on commission, indicated high incidences of workplace deviance, ranging from giving false information on meeting quotas, undercharging customers for services offered and overstating expense accounts. Although to the managers’ main idea behind commission based remuneration is to persuade employees to sell a high level of products and establish high consumer service and fulfilment, workers will engage deviant behaviours to get financially rewarded and at the same time sell and gratify the client (Litzky et al 2006). Another factor that can initiate work deviance is the ambiguity about job performance where there is lack of information on the roles and uncertainty on the expectations of the management which ultimately leads to perceived job stress. This leads to feeling of ambiguity on how their roles are defined, their responsibilities and expected behaviour in certain situations. The results are negative job responses, low turnover, stress, low job performance and other indications of deviance. This mostly happens to individuals who have limit spanning jobs like accountants, insurance professionals and customer service representatives and in this case when managers pressure employees to do what it takes to satisfy consumers this amounts to job ambiguity, and they may deviate hoping the managers will condone. At the same time there is direct conflict between management policies and customer satisfaction and the employees are left in a dilemma (Lewicki et al 1998). Another key factor that encourages CWB and deviance is abusive supervision and unfair treatment or organizational injustice. Supervisors and managers who inflict various forms of non-physical hostility to their subordinates like loud outbursts, abusive language, threats, belittling and undermining them cause psychological distress and indisposition to work among employees. Unfair treatment comes in when employees feel that the rules that have been established to increase efficiency and service quality are unjust and especially if they impede their abilities to do their jobs. Employees can perceive organizational justice in two ways: interpersonal justice that influences the degree to which the organizations treat employees with understanding, respect and dignity and informational justice referring to the apparent sufficiency of explanations managements give about measures and outcomes that have an effect on employees. If employees perceive injustice of any of the two they may resolve to CWB to diminish their supportive behaviours to evade exploitation (Bennett Robinson 2000). When managers violate trust in their employees, they are likely to do the exact opposite of the instructions of the manager when he goes out. Some managers think that workers cannot be dependable to act morally or in the top interest of the business. Lack of trust is displayed in incidences like when managers harshly reprimand employees in the face of clients or colleagues and the employee feels humiliated for being scolded in public,. In such cases the trust existing between the managers and his workers is broken, and collegiality dwindles. Employees feel that their manager could not have confidence in them to perform their jobs appropriately. Trust between employees and the managers is a double-edged sword: the existence of trust can improve the connection and raise performance, however when violated it may also lead to worse cases of deviant behaviours (Edwards Bagozzi 1998). The most evident reason for counterproductive or deviant behaviours is revenge directed toward the managers or the management. In an attempt to restore their dignity, employees hit back or discipline the manager even if they will not gain directly from being involved in a deviant behaviour. In most cases connection between alleged injustice and unfairness reflect fundamental desires to revenge. Employees seeking to avenge use CWB as their tool. According to research, some even sacrifice the monetary gain to get an opportunity to castigate the unjust individual. In such cases employees in an attempt to get back at their supervisor or organization may get involved in activities that increase expense or affects the quality of product or services and general sales (Folger Cropanzano 1998). Apart from the managerial issues there are factors like the social pressure to conform and emotional or personal status of the employee. Social pressure to conform in organizations where there are organization norms may push members to comply to avoid punishments for non-conformity. In a workplace that exposes employees to undue pressure may push them to deviant behaviours. In another example where a group of workers for example sales representatives have deemed some deviant behaviours acceptable they will definitely coerce new employees to conform to the same habits, for example cheating in sales (Giacalone Greenberg 1997). On individual factors some employees may not have emotional stability or they may be going through circumstances or have personal traits that would push them to work deviance. Such factors like low emotional stability, low agreeableness, external locus of control and cynicism are some of the personal traits which can be solved by personal counselling. Age may at times affect the tendency of individuals engaging in deviant behaviours. Financial pressures may also tempt an employee to get involved in counterproductive or deviant behaviour (Jones, 2009). The management can institute measures that could minimize counterproductive or deviant behaviour. To start with they should provide fair and adequate compensation to employees. Adequate reward system will ensure employee satisfaction and will reduce their chances of wanting to steal from the organization. For example if a pay system involves profit sharing it should done promptly and consistently (Giacalone Greenberg 1997). Managers should create an ethical climate through leading by example. The workers perception of their organizations climate influences their tendency of deviant or ethical behaviour. Managers must model ethical behaviours to enable employees to perceive a connection between honesty and success. The personnel manager hired should be of high ethical values. The values of honesty should be set by example themselves because in some instances some practices seem acceptable to the managers and thus employees take it is a norm for example failure to disclose some information when selling a policy to a customer (Bennett Robinson, 2000). Organizations should create policies and procedures of rules and rewards regarding counterproductive behaviours. This can be done by adopting and communicating policies that concern the subject. It should as well spell the behaviours and specify the consequences of such actions and information communicated on hiring. There should also be a policy of punishing he offenders to ward off prospective behaviours. However in implementing such policies the organization should not establish surveillance which would portray lack of trust (Jones, 2009). Managers should establish a trusting relationship with employees based on mutual respect and trust. Managers can employ relational psychology between them and their employees. The kind of psychological agreement that managers build up between their workers will determine their employees’ attitude and behaviour. If employees look at their employers’ confidence as mutual, relational psychological contracts are prone to establish commendable levels of participation and devotion by workers. Supervision styles that replicate low levels of regulation and high levels of trust motivate employees to conduct themselves responsibly (Litzky et al 2006). Finally, managers should treat employees with respect, trust and dignity, because they will be less likely to be counterproductive if employers are respectful and sensitive to their needs. Related to this, is the attempt to enrich their jobs by increasing job autonomy and increasing their responsibility in decision making. This will show that they are appreciated and respected (Giacalone Greenberg 1997). In conclusion, there are various reasons as to why employees have counterproductive and deviant behaviour like stealing, overstating expenses or giving the wrong information on sales among much other behaviour. Most of these are related to the managers and therefore they are still within the control of the management or organization. Therefore managers can reduce such behaviours by treating employees with respect and dignity, setting standards for ethical climate and establishing trust between them and having a fair compensation system. References Ajzen, I. (1991). Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes. The theory of planned behaviour. 50, 179–211. Bennett, R. J Robinson, S. L. (2000). The development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology: 85, 349–360. Edwards, J. R Bagozzi, R. P. (1998). A general approach for representing constructs in organizational research: Organizational Research Methods, 1, 45–87. Folger, R. , Cropanzano, R. (1998). Organizational justice and human resource management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Giacalone, R Greenberg, J. (1997). Antisocial behaviour in organizations. Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications. Jones. A. (2009). Organizational behaviour: Journal of Organizational Behaviour. 30, 525–542. Lewicki, R. J. , McAllister, D. J. , Bies, R. J (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities. Academy of Management Review, 23(3): 438–458. Litzky, B. E. , Eddleston, K. A. , Kidder, D. L. (2006). How Managers Inadvertently Encourage Deviant Behaviours. The Good, the Bad, and the Misguided: 91-99. Raven, B. H Rubin, J. Z. (1976). Social psychology: People in groups. New York: Wiley.

The Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Business Environment - Essay Example Business also stabilizes the country’s currency through exports which counters the imports brought in the country. Governments also levy goods that are exported out of the country making it possible for it to invest in projects that will spearhead growth of the economy (Begg, 2001). One of the roles of businesses in the economy is the circulation of currency in the economy. The movement of money is what is called the velocity of money in the economy. This helps in reducing the rate of inflation rate in the country which has adverse effect on the growth of the economy (Begg, 2001). When the velocity of money in the economy is high, the rate of growth in the economy is also is high. Therefore, businesses play an important role in sustaining the economy of the country. Business also offers commodities and services to the public by making them to be easily accessible to them. It ensures that goods and services are available to consumers in the right time, at the right place and at the right quantity (Denby, 2010). This ensures that there is coordination on every part of the economy regardless of its position. The ease with, which products can reach the market and be consumed, can always bring economic prosperity, which is the dream of most governments. Business therefore, plays a crucial role in sustaining the population of the country therefore creating a serene environment for the public to venture in other economic growing activities. The urge of the profit organization to make maximize profits sustains the level of supply and demand. These forces enable the economy to remain stable as high demand results from deficit while low demand is as a result of low surplus. Increased profits by the organizations especially from exports play a crucial role in increasing savings by the banks which are later used to lend to banks customers. This capital is used in

Business Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Information Systems - Essay Example As the demand for BMW products increases, the firm has benefited from a positive relationship with its customers including non boat owners. To ensure that its operations are smooth and that the needs of its customers are met, BMW emulates various departments that include finance, warehousing, manufacturing, human resources, marketing, and distribution among others. In order to remain competitive in the UK market, the company has embarked on an expansion plan that will result to increased number of investors. In addition, the company has embarked on adoption of technology that will be vital in curbing the various problems that are currently been experienced in the manufacturing, design, human resources and customer care departments. This paper seeks to discuss how BMW can use technology to address managerial and other issues that is affecting its operations. Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) One of the major issues that are experienced in the warehouses is the uncertainty in the del ivery of raw materials. As a result, the workers in the production facilities are not sure on when to start working on any order as specified by the consumers. One of the major strategies that BMW should adopt in order to improve the rate of information flow from external stakeholders including the suppliers who are based in Middle East and Far East is enterprises resource planning (ERP). ERP is a vital information system that enhances the flow of information between all the departments within a firm as well as with other stakeholders (O’Brien, 1999). Based on the need to satisfy its customers by providing their products in a timely manner, it is imperative for BMW to put in place a two-tier ERP. This entails use of software and hardware that will allow the company to run two ERP concurrently. For example, BMW should establish production centers in various regions thus reducing the time taken to deliver the raw materials to the main production center. Similarly, the company s hould establish a database that has the information such as the telephone numbers of the individuals responsible to delivering the raw materials as well as their emails. In this way, the company will be in a position to track the transportation of raw materials from the suppliers to the subsidiaries production centers or to the main production center. Cost benefit analysis and online accounts Being a manufacturing company, BMW should not overlook the composition of their workforce. Key problem that is currently been experienced in the manufacturing department is that it is unclear how many staff the company require to meet the increased demand for its products. To address this issue, it is vital for BMW to emulate an effective scheduling of its activities. This entails allocating each of the employees a particular task and the actual time that it requires for it to be accomplished. To identify the number of workers required in the manufacturing department, it is essential for the su pervisors to undertake a cost-benefit analysis that entails computing the cost of producing a single component and the benefits arising (Laudonet al, 2009). This can be done by determining the hourly wage for the employees and the sales arising from the products. In this way, the supervisors will notice the components that are generating more profits thus increasing the number of staff. To identify individuals with the necessary skills, it is fundamental to come up with clear job description.

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Nike Marketing Essay

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Nike Marketing Essay Nike is known by everyone everywhere. They have created dominant brand recognition. Nike is the number one athletic apparel company in more than ten countries. They have distribution centers all over the world. The advertising agency Nike has contracted has grown to three offices, each in different countries, to better reach their target audience on a local level. You can go anywhere in the world with the Nike logo and almost anyone would recognize the brand. This show how their hard work in the advertising department has paid off. In 2006, Nike spent $134 million in marketing. With a revenue total of $16.3 billion in 2007, Nike can certainly afford such a large marketing bill. Nike is strong regarding its research and development department based on its growing and ground-breaking product range. The Nike Sport Research Laboratory is responsible for innovative ideas like the NikeID online store where customer can purchase custom made shoes. Nike started out making only sneakers now m akes things from specific sports equipment to performance apparel. Nike defiantly knows how to expand well into the athletic sporting market. Nike has a strong presence overseas and sales their product worldwide. They always have the elite athletes promoting their product. They have Lebron James, Kobe Bryant and before they had Michael Jordan. Those athletes have helped in playing a role in creating brand loyalty. They have achieved this through 40 years of athletic of consistently developing superior products which appeal to consumers both domestically and internationally. Weaknesses One serious weakness with Nike is that they ignore to see problems in their labor and factory conditions. In the 1980s, Nike contracted most of their manufacturing to factories in poor nations such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Mexico in order to get the lowest manufacturing costs. Instead of paying higher wages, they were able to increase profits by paying lower wages to people in less developed countries. In 1996 Nike was uncovered for child labor laws in Pakistan. This led to a lots of negative publicity. Many people began to boycott their product. Many human rights groups formed alliance to protest the treatment of employees in these overseas factories. Even students at the University of Oregon, a college which depends heavily on the donations of Nike founder Phil Knight, rallied and signed petitions against the company, which put a strain on the relationship between the two organizations. Nike saw a small drop in sales after this scandal broke. Though this scandal has tarnis hed Nikes reputation for more than 15 years, they have remained on top throughout it all. Another issue Nike needs to address is that it has such a high price for apparel compared to its competitors, granted the quality is high but many consumers are turned away by the expensive price. Opportunities One great opportunity for Nike is to promote their brand as fashion as well as athletic wear. There are many consumers who see some Nike products as a fashion sneaker and wear their sneakers for that purpose instead of just athletic wear. Sneakers like the air force 1s and sneaker collections like the air maxes, Nike dunks, and the Jordan collection are worn as fashionable sneakers just as much for performance. In celebration of the Olympics this summer, Nike revealed a new product line meant to celebrate Nike classics, such as the Air Force 1, the Nike Dunk. Nikes greatest opportunity is Chinas market which is expanding speedily. China was a $600 million dollar business for Nike and the largest business Nike had outside of the United States in 2006. Nike is the leader in the market for sports apparel in China; it still has the opportunity to grab a larger market share, which could result in hundreds of millions of dollars more. Nike is the first company to work with Chinese athletes and create a look which includes their culture. Nike has created a competitive advantage over its competitors. Nike has an even greater opportunity to take advantage of on the China marketplace when they sponsored the 2008 Olympics in Beijing this summer. This event was watched by billions worldwide and allowed Nike to strengthen their relationship with China by proving their products value. Once Chinas marketplace has been established, expansion into other countries can do the same. It has a good judgment of marketing by sponsoring top athletes from different sports. Nike has prominent athletes from all major sports, which allows them to connect with a wide variety of consumers. Threats Some threats that the Nike Company may have are their competitive brands. Since Nike is the highest priced athletic brand name that puts them at risk for losing many of their customers. Nike faces a lot of competition. The shoe industry alone is highly competitive. This competition makes it hard for Nike to constantly set themselves apart from their competitors. As an pioneering leader, Nike is regularly the source of replication. For every new improvement, Nike has a very short lead time before their competitors release a similar product. The industry itself is becoming increasingly price competitive. Nike produces a high quality product and sets its prices as a result. Nike is well known as a first-rate priced product. With this sort of replication, competitors can sell similar products for a cheaper price. Price sensitive customers will then go with Nikes competition. Nike has many competitors, just looking at the shoe industry. While they are currently the best in the industry in terms of market share, in 2005, two of Nikes largest competitors, Adidas and Reebok, merged into a single company in an attempt to close the gap between themselves and Nike. When Nike b ecame the victim of public scrutiny over its oversea factories, both companies started to make improvements in their oversea factories to improve their image over the industry best. Another strong competitor is New Balance, a privately owned company based in Massachusetts which produces mostly women sneakers. New Balance is dedicated to selling products that are made in the U.S.. With Nikes poor public opinion of overseas manufacturing, this could be a big benefit for New Balance. New Balances commitment to customer loyalty allows them to spend less on marketing. Other competitors include Skechers and Puma. Skechers main focuses is on stylish footwear, using popular media personalities such as Carrie Underwood for its marketing. The German based company Puma is also a rapidly growing company. Puma introduced a five year plan starting in 2006 to expand into India and China, as well as launch five new product lines. Companies like these are not big enough to be a threat to Nikes succe ss now, their swift growth makes them possible threats in the near future, and Nike will need to monitor their success. Recommendations Nike is obviously the top of its business, but no company is invincible. Nike has several avenues of advancement. If they want to continue to build on lead and maintain their dominate status in the industry, they need to take a hard look at their mission and define it in S.M.A.R.T terms. This will give the company a constant goal and a direction to move in instead of being complacent waiting for its competitors to catch up. They need to make it clear not only that they want to stay on top, but how they will stay on top. They have a unique opportunity with Google their and Joga.com. The ability to reach some of their target customers in such a fashion could be a huge marketing advantage. The site needs to be finished before other networking sites take over. Nike needs to know what its competition is doing and needs to prepare to counter anything the competition puts up against them. The most important thing they can do is improve labor circumstances in factories. The hard part for Nik e is maintaining low costs while still keeping the brand equity they are known for. In order to do this Nike needs to have fewer suppliers and more calculated relationships with the ones they already deal with. Making these adjustments, their reputation will become positive and they can gain back the customers they lost due to negative publicity. Nike has always been associated with high quality retail products. They now need to be associated with the same type quality when it comes to labor and manufacturing conditions.